Similarities and Differences of Cupid and Psyche Essay...

In the myth of Cupid and Psyche there are different versions which have similarities and differences. Three of the writers are Padraic Colum, Edith Hamilton, and W.H.D. Rouse. There are many similarities between the different versions of Cupid and Psyche. There was a king who had three daughters, but out of all three of them Psyche was the most beautiful person that seemed like a goddess. Her beauty spanned the earth and men from all over the earth wandered to admire her beauty. Venus’ temples were abandoned and no one gave a thought of her. Venus called for her son, Cupid, to help her ruin Psyche by making her fall in love with the meanest and hateful man in the world. When Cupid laid his eyes upon Psyche he fell in love with her.†¦show more content†¦When Psyche invited her sisters into the palace, they saw its treasures and got extremely jealous. They told her that since she didn’t see her husband yet what if it was what Apollo’s oracle said it was and not a human. Her sisters told her that night she must hide a sharp knife and a lamp near the bed. In the middle of the night she took the knife and lamp and saw her husband. She discovered that it was not what Apollo’s oracle said, but a beautiful boy. Some hot oil fell from the lamp onto Cupid’s arm which woke him up and he flew away. Psyche went on her journey to find Cupid. Psyche went to Venus’s house and Venus made her do errands. Her first errand was to have the heap of smallest seeds sorted out. Little ants helped her sort it out because they felt sorry for the Psyche. Venus devised another task the next morning for Psyche which was to fetch her some shining wool from the sheep near the river bank. As she was bending over the water for the wool, she heard a voice telling her to wait until the sheep rest beside the river and she can find some of the golden wool hanging on the sharp briars. Her next task was to get black water from the river Styx. A bird flew up and grabbed some of the black water for her. Psyche’s last task was to take the box and give it to Proserpine to fill with some of her beauty. On her way back to Venus, she opened the box thinking that it will make her more beautiful for Cupid. She opened the box finding nothing inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Beauty And The Beast And Apuleius s Cupid And Psyche2226 Words   |  9 PagesJeanne-Marie LePrince de Beaumont’s â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† and Apuleius’s â€Å"Cupid and Psyche† both use a pair of sisters as a shadow figure to the beauty in the story. A shadow figure is a term used from Carl Jung’s â€Å"Process of Individuation†, that describes the character who impedes on beauty’s growth is a shadow character. The sisters in both stories hold features that beauty should gain in the end, such as marriage, being confident, and wanting more for herself. The sisters also hold features thatRead MoreDifferences and Similarities of Greek and Roman Gods1714 Words   |  7 Pagesa person thinks of the goddess of love they may think of Venus or Aphrodite and think that they are one and the same. They are not though, Aphrodite is the Greek goddess of love and Venus her Roman counter part. When thinking of the God of Love, Cupid is the first that comes to mind and therefore, he should be Aphrodite’s son but he is Venus’ son. Along with their different names, they have many variations as to how they were born how they lived and how the mortals viewed, worshipped and were influencedRead MoreLove in Mythology Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pagesrecord of the original Greek myth of Cupid and Psyche also relates a story of amorous pursuit. In Apuleius account, Psyche is the most beautiful of all mortals. The fame of her surpassing beauty spread over the earth and men would even say that Venus herself could not equal this mortal. Out of jealousy, Venus commands Cupid to make Psyche fall in love with the vilest and most despicable creature in the whole world. However, dispatched on his errand Cupid is astonished by her beauty and asRead MoreFAS 202 Milestone T hree Analysis Paper1904 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Art of the Baroque and Neoclassicism Movements The Rape of Proserpina and Psyche Revived by Cupid’s Kiss Germaine Fahie FAS 202: Introduction to Humanities II Julianne Poncet February 19, 2015 The purpose of this essay is to evaluate two art pieces that were created by two tremendously gifted individuals during the Baroque to the contemporary period. Masters of their movements, both sculptors were able to create masterpieces that revealed an unfolding event that could be read byRead MoreThe Apology Of Socrates And Hebrew Bible Analysis1676 Words   |  7 Pageshuman-like, and need humans to remain mighty or to fulfill their desires (like Cupid and Psyche in The Golden Ass). Cupid is a good-looking God who falls in love with a human girl that his mother, Venus, despises because of her beauty and attention. Cupid marries the beautiful girl, Psyche, and takes care of her. When Cupid’s wound heals at the end of The Golden Ass, â€Å"he could no longer bear to be parted for so long from Psyche† (104). The Greek gods and the people who follow them are not very forgivingRead More Eros and The Modern World Essay2413 Words   |  10 Pagesworld he is more often recognized by his Roman name Cupid. By using the name Cupid it becomes much easier to find depictions of the god Eros. For this assignment I have chosen to use three depictions from the modern world and one from the nineteenth century. Of these depictions, three come from video clips and one is a painting. All of these depictions encompass different aspects of the god. In some of these depictions he is the only cupid and in others he is just one of many. Another aspectRead MoreThe Greeks, Non Greeks And Expressions Of Humanism2001 Words   |  9 Pagesof Romans in the ancient world. This novel is essential to understand more about the ancient Mediterranean and the Roman world in particular. The three characters that I found the most interesting and eye-catching throughout the novel were Lucius, Psyche, and Thrasyllus. Lucius first appears in the early chapters of the novel and has two distinct characteristics, cocky and curious. Lucius’ curiosity to examine the dark arts led to his demise. He was turned into a donkey, was then mistreated and hisRead More love Essay785 Words   |  4 Pagesmystery to most people why people do crazy things for love, or why people feel love â€Å"conquers all†. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Definitions of love go as far as Greek mythology. For example, the story of Cupid and His mortal Bride Psyche. There are many explanations on how love exactly came to mean what it does. According to John Lee there are 6 different types of love. 1. Erotic love: romantic, sexual irrational, and largely based on physical attraction. 2. ManicRead MoreSocratesApology And The Hebrew Bible1493 Words   |  6 Pagessharply, the ways they devote themselves to their Gods can be similar. First of all, there are several Greek gods, each one in charge of their realm. The Gods are human-like, and need humans to remain mighty or to fulfill their desires (like Cupid and Psyche in The Golden Ass). The Greek gods and the people who follow them are not very forgiving, and Socrates only speaks the truth, not his religion. The Athenians, who are polytheists, are relentless when voting against Socrates because they do

Teen Suicide Essay - 891 Words

Nobody ever thought that Tyler Clementi- an 18 year old freshman at Rutgers University- would jump off the George Washington Bridge on September 22, 2010. But after a video was streamed of Clementi having a sexual encounter with another man without Clementi’s knowledge, Clementi committed suicide. The actual definition of suicide is â€Å"the action of killing oneself intentionally†. The act of suicide is a serious matter, and is particularly prevalent among teens and young adults. The best way to prevent teen suicide is through informing people of its existence, and educating them on the warning signs and prevention methods. In this essay I will explain why suicide is a major public health problem through statistics, show the warning signs,†¦show more content†¦Studies show that girls are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are four times more likely than females to complete the act. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, estimates that 81 percen t of suicide victims are males. While the reasons of suicide are mostly unknown, there are many causes that have been proven to lead to suicide. One of the biggest known factors are drugs and alcohol. â€Å" Studies have shown that suicide rates are five to 20 times higher among drug and alcohol usage† , thats because depression mixed with drugs or alcohol can make people feel even more depressed. Some of the other contributing factors for adolescent suicide are Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), Bullying- also known as â€Å"Bullycide†, and the â€Å"contagion effect†- where one suicide motivates the other, common with depressed teens with shared circumstances, or teens influenced by media or memorials (Mental illness, 2012). Even though many people dont know why a person killed themselves, there are warning signs that can tell if a person may be having suicidal thoughts or actions. Such warning signs include: Depression, drug abuse, change in eating, change in habits, signs that lead to depressi on, and withdrawal from friends. â€Å" Because the fact is that two-thirds of those who commit suicide give some warning first. That means it’s up to us- as friends, relatives, or parents- to recognize the signal and respond, person to person†(Teen Suicide, 2000). There areShow MoreRelatedAn Essay on Teen Suicide798 Words   |  4 PagesTeen suicide My essay is on teen suicide there are a lot of suicides that happen in the U.S they are caused from being bullied also it can caused by being depressed. There is also a high increase of suicides for people who take antidepressants. All this information is true based on the sites below. 1) http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/health/September-October-08/Teen-Suicide-Rate-Worries-Mental-Health-Experts.html 2) http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/20/nation/la-na-nn-funeral-illinois-teen-suicide-bullying-20131020Read MoreTeen Suicide Essay605 Words   |  3 PagesDaneshia Alberty Campbell EnglishIII-7 11 February, 2011 Teen Suicide Essay Teen suicide is one of the fastest killers for young teenagers. Every year thousands of teens die in the United States. There are many different reasons of why young teens commit suicide. Family issues, low self-esteem, and bullying are three of the many leading factors towards suicide for teens. Problems at home can cause a teenager to take their lives. Abuse in the home of the teenager can most often establish aRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Suicide Suicide is a growing problem in American culture. Sadly, teens are affected the most. Teen suicide is increasing rapidly. â€Å"About 5,000 teens in the United States kill themselves each year† (Peacock, 4). Suicide among teens is a serious and devastating crisis. More teens are taking their lives today than ever before. Teen suicide does not affect one specific type of teen; it affects any type of teen. There are a variety of reasons teens resort to committing suicide. Many people are workingRead MoreEssay On Teen Suicide1235 Words   |  5 Pages† offer little comfort, and even less hope to those considering suicide. Amongst U.S teens, suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death more so than cancer, AIDS, chronic drug use, and heart disease combined. Common risk factors are bullying in school, history of sexual abuse, alcohol, and drug addiction, along with a history of mental illness in the family. There is also a direct correlation between socioeconomic status and su icide in urban, and remote areas. Factors such as social deprivation,Read MoreEssay On Teen Suicide1332 Words   |  6 Pagesbut if that s true then why is there an increase in teenagers committing suicide. We all know that the rate of teenage suicide has been on the rise just as fast as the rise of social media use. Teenage suicide is never a good thing and is heartbreaking to those it affects. As social media becomes more intertwined in young people s lives there has been an increase in teen suicide from cyber bullying. Often times young teens don t know the dangers and consequences social media can cause and makesRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Suicide â€Å"Suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people between eleven and eighteen years of age† (â€Å"Introduction to Teen Suicide†). According to Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary: suicide is the act or an instance of taking ones own life voluntarily and intentionally. Meaning that when someone takes their life they are fully aware of their decisions. These decisions are clouded by the rational part of the brain not maturing until the age of twenty five. Looking at thisRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pages The rates of suicides in teens have been rising more and more over the past few years; with an increase of over 300% in adolescents since the 1950s. (Miller 2009) Teens are basically crying out for our helps, but it seems that we are ignoring them. But why? Do we not care? Or do we even know what signs to be looking for? ANd average of 1,800 young people take their own lives and almost 85,000 are hospitalized for attempts (CDC, 2008). With the statistics being this high we need to take some actionRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesNydria Daniel Leslie Campos Enc1101 31 October 2017 Emotional Suicide amongst Teens Suicide has become an extremely important social issue in our society. Did you know that suicide rate is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States according to the A.F.S.P (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention)? Teen suicide rates continue to increase every year according to statistics. Today, teens are having mental struggles that can affect their everyday lifestyle and they can’t seem to find anyoneRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Language Arts 09 November 2017 Teen/Adult Suicides Suicides in the United States have increased in the last year has increased by 9%. The Problems With Suicide/ Percent of Deaths With Suicide In 1980 nearly 27,000 people took their own lives, making suicide the 10th most common cause of death. 57 percent of the cases of suicide in the United States involved firearms. In 2015 Suicide had been marked the second leading cause of death from ages 10-24. Suicide has been a major health problem in theRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Suicide of any kind is an act in which a person takes his or her own life. FACT: Suicide is a prevalent cause of death among America’s youth today.Each and every day almost 1000 teenagers think about suicide and about 0.018% of them will be successful in committing it.† It is an ongoing problem that is often described as uncalled for immature and unnecessary. But having a deeper understanding and better knowledge are some key factors for preventing teenage suicide. This â€Å"problem† most likely start

Bed Bath and Beyond Capital Structure Decision (HBR Case Study) free essay sample

StockmarketIntroduction Bed Bath Beyond (BBBY) was founded in 1971 by Warren Eisenberg and Leonard Feinstein. BBBY held its initial public offering in June 1992, on the NASDAQ exchange. The company utilizes the â€Å"big box† retail concept and focuses its product offerings around domestics merchandise and home furnishings. Since its IPO BBBY has been favored by equity investors and long considered one of the best performing retail companies. They have never missed an earnings estimate and have experienced a fortyfold increase in stock price from the original $17 per share IPO. The company introduced its ?  rst superstore in 1985 and have since underwent large scale expansion operating 575 stores by the end of the ? scal year 2003. BBBY also owned and operated 30 Harmon stores and 24 Christmas Tree Shops stores by 2003. (See appendix four for SWOT analysis) The Problem Bed Bath Beyond has always conducted business under the old fashioned premise that â€Å"cash is king, a nd debt is bad†. As of late their capital structure has become a big issue amongst investors. They are concerned that the current unlevered structure is not maximizing value and are wary of the risks associated with the companies large and growing cash balances. Currently BBBY is facing the issue of trying to decide wether their current capital structure is optimal moving into the future, and if not, what decisions they need to make to achieve optimization. The following analysis will outline the key factors in? uencing this decision and ultimately suggest a course of action. Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 1 Case Analysis Capital Structure BBBY? s capital structure is not optimal, as BBBY has a large cash position and they do not issue any debt nor do they pay any dividends during their operation. MM proposition I states that the value of ?  m is independent to its capital structure and therefore the mix between debt and equity is irrelevant. However assumptions under the MM proposition are unrealistic in the real world, so the idea that an optimal capital structure is unattainable is discarded. Achieving the optimal capital structure depends on the mixture of debt to equity, depending on the amount of debt, it can help maximize the value of the ? rm while minimizing WACC. Another reason BBBY should consider taking on some debt is that they have more than enough cash to cover their expenses. Issuing debt can act as a positive signal to investors that they are able to make timely payments and are ? nancially stable. The tradeoff theory of capital structure states that a value-maximizing ? rm will balance the value of interest tax shields and other bene? ts of debt against the costs of bankruptcy and other costs of debt, to determine an optimal level of leverage for the ? rm (KISGEN, 2006). One potential reason why BBBY may not be taking advantage of the tax shields could be that they want to stay ? exible in the industry and avoid costs of ?nancial distress. According to Exhibit 8 from the case, Pro Forma 2003 of BBBY with 40% debt to total capital, the interest coverage ratio is 22. 519 ($644,836/28,635) and the debt to equity ratio is around 66. 67% ($636,328/954,492), which coincides with AA credit rating and the default rate, which Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 2 is 1. 31% (Exhibit 7A). From Exhibit 2 in the case, we can ? nd BBBY? s total assets on Feb. 29, 2004 ar e $2,865,023 and taking the value of 15% and the bankruptcy cost for BBBY is approximately $5629. 8 (Heitor Almeida, 2004). Meanwhile, from Exhibit 8, the taxes on Pro Forma 2003 is $237,237, which is $12,838 ($250,075-237,237) less than actual 2003, which results in the tax bene? t generated from issuing debt is -$15,797 ($12,838-28,635). It is obvious to conclude that, with the implication of tradeoff theory, the pro forma 40% debt to total capital in 2003 is not the optimal leverage ratio for BBBY. The pecking order theory argues that ? rms will generally prefer not to issue equity due to asymmetric information costs. Firms will prefer to fund projects ? rst with internal funds and then with debt, and only when internal funds have been extinguished and a ?rm has reached its debt capacity will a ? rm issue equity (KISGEN, 2006). In 2003 10-K, BBBY management con? rmed itscommitment to ongoing expansion and stated its intention to use internally generated funds to ? Nance its expansion, which clearly implies pecking order theory is rooted in BBBY capital structure, and is the reason why BBBY keeps a large cash position (Artur Raviv, 2007). Agency Theory Costs Keeping a large sum of money on hand may be advantageous in uncertain economic conditions, and ? nancial crises. However, this can lead to potential con?ict between managers who do not act in the interest of shareholders, such as empire building and over-investment problems. Debt helps discipline management because they must pay interest payments or risk bankrupting of the ? rm. It also helps reduce Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 3 wasteful investments as manager have less cash on hand to invest, in other words managers must be careful how they use the money of the ? rm. Debt creates a con? ict of interest between the shareholders and creditors though, such as the possibility of expropriating wealth from creditors to shareholders and the underinvestment problem so this must be monitored. The Cost of Financial Distress Debt BBBY? s current cost of ? nancial distress is essentially zero because they have no debt on their books. The bond class default rate of AAA bonds to BBB bonds, 0. 52% and 6. 64% respectively, were used to estimate default rates based on different capital structures. The most problematic key ratio on the list is BBBY? s â€Å"operating income to sales† at roughly 14%, which is low for the industry (see Appendix one for more details), and the highest and most consistent ratio was their EBIT and EBITDA interest coverage ratios, which are considered to be the two most important ratios. With this in mind, the default rates outlined (see Appendix one) should be a close estimate of what BBBY would face when they take on debt. Direct costs associated with ? nancial distress are historically small. The indirect costs, such as loss of suppliers, customer, and leases can be quite substantial. Using the high side of an industry estimate, 20% of total assets, to reasonably account for what BBBY could lose due to ? nancial distress. For the optimal D/E ratio of 0. 60 we have a present value of ? nancial distress equal to $127,432,000 and a present value of tax shield of $400,362,000. As we move to a higher D/E ratio we see the marginal cost of ? nancial distress and marginal bene? t of the tax shield converge. Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 4 Repurchasing Shares The decision to repurchase shares and take on debt is overall positive news to the shareholder? s. They will receive a special repurchase capital gain and enjoy an increased upside on returns due to the increased beta of the company. The total capital structure of the company shifts from being totally equity funded to being 38% Debt and 62% Equity ($600 Million and $990 Million respectively). This also improves the WACC from 33. 75% to 28. 85% (see Appendix one), which will allow Bed Bath and Beyond to take on lower positive NPV projects and increase their options. Earnings per share (Appendix two) will improve due to the share buyback and the net income reducing effect of the new interest expense. Return on assets also improves due to the reduction in cash used to fund the share repurchase. The overall value of the ? rm will improve as the new tax shields that were generated outweigh the cost of ? nancial distress that faces them, from taking on the 600 million in debt. In Conclusion We would suggest Bed Bath Beyond do a mixture of two things: 1) Issue debt in the amount of 600 million dollars 2) Hold a one-time share repurchase of 1 billion dollars (approximately 27 million shares) ? nanced by 400 million in cash and 600 million from the proceeds of the debt issue. 3) Assume an optimal capital structure of 60% debt/equity. It is our belief that this will be the best method for BBBY moving into the future. The one time large scale share buyback would improve the WACC and boost the EPS by decreasing the amount of shares outstanding. The market value of the ? rm would Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 5 increase and at the 60% ratio the value of the tax shield gained by issuing debt will far outweigh the cost of ? nancial distress. (See Appendix Three) Their old way of making ? nancial decisions has served them well in the past and has consistently made BBBY one of the top performing retail companies. But as times change businesses must adapt and evolve to meet demands of markets and investors. Case 2: Bed Bath Beyond page | 6 Works Cited Artur Raviv, T. T. (2007, 4 1). Bed Bath Beyond: The Capital Structure Decision.

Supply Chain Operation of the Apple Inc-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: The Physical Logistic Network and supporting system are of equal importance to firm supplying goods to international market. Discuss this statement critically drawing on appropriate literature and a detailed example of a product supply chain. Answers: Introduction: In general, logistics can be defined as a place utility which is done to move a product from one place to another. This is one of the integral aspects of the entire supply chain operations. A logistics is mean to transport goods which the seller or the buyer uses it to their purpose. It serves the needs of a manufacturer that receives the required raw materials from the selected suppliers. The product reaches the distribution center and then to the market by means of the transport or the logistics only (Ascencio et al. 2014). Logistics operation does have a very well impact on the total cost of production. It also affects the firms reputation also (Ascencio et al. 2014). If the logistics operation is cost-effective then the entire cost of production will also be minimized. On the other hand, if a firm has a good control on its logistics such as it can track the operation or manage a timely delivery of the products or the services, it will definitely have an edge on its competitors. T his is due to a fact that logistics operation has become a complex issue to many reputed firms in the countries across the globe (Ascencio et al. 2014). The main purpose of this assignment is to analyze the logistics operation in the light of few selected journal or if required the book articles in the literature review section. Literature review: Islam et al. (2013, p.3) have found the origination of logistics from the ancient Greek word logos which means the word, the ratio, the reason, the calculation, the speech and the oration. According to the authors Islam et al. (2013, p.3), the term logistics since then is in the practice for a much longer time than its present-day concept. The term logistics have further been explained in this article as the follows: Logistics= supply of raw materials to the manufacturers + management of materials in the distribution center + sending the goods to the customer ends; The logistics operation at the global level as according to the authors Islam et al. (2013, p.3) is indeed a very complex operation which involves the reception of a single product with a different logistic operation as well. This can well be understood from the example of Tesco that receives thousands of items from the different parts of the world and for each single item; it has to follow a very different logistic operation. The logistics manager in such cases needs to have a very diverse knowledge of the logistics operation in the different parts of the world. The author's dos Santos and Marins (2015, pp.575-585) have further added another dimension in the concept of logistics operation by focusing on the reverse logistics management. Reverse logistics as opined by the author's dos Santos and Marins (2015, pp.575-585) can be defined as a process which is used to enhance the customer loyalty for a firm by receiving the rejected or canceled or the defective goods. This is also a very good mean of avoiding any wastage of such goods. Moreover, it also delivers a very effective organizational image of the firm. In addition to the above-mentioned facts, the author's dos Santos and Marins (2015, p.579) have further added another dimension to the logistics operation by stating the importance of ICT implementation in the operation. According to the authors, dos Santos and Marins (2015, p.579) can generate several benefits in terms of affecting individuals, transformation efficiency, functional units and the organization as a whole unit. In the light of the above-stated facts, this can be said that it is now very important to implement the ICT in the logistics operation to attain a much better and a competitive logistics. Moreover, this is also necessary to attain a competitive advantage where many companies have struggled in the past and are still struggling to attain a robust logistics operation which is both cost-effective and highly-effective as well. The importance of ICT and the different other strategies in the logistics and the supply chain operation can well be understood from the way Apple delivers its operation. The company has shown a very distinguished strategy in regards to the logistics and the supply chain operation. Apple does purchase the different materials from the various suppliers; however, it is then shipped to the assembling plant in China. In addition to this, the manufactured goods are not brought to the distribution center; indeed, these are transferred to customers directly from China by means of UPS/FedEx. However, customers make the purchase from the Apples Online Store (Liang 2016). The above-mentioned facts on the Apples supply chain operation do produce some very important facts. The company is able to save in its manufacturing process as the process is conducted in the Chinese firms where the manufacturing costs are much more cheaper which is due to many facts like the low labor cost. Additionally, they are also able to save on the distribution center which they facilitate directly through the Chinese firms. It does not only save on the logistics operation but also on the cost of the distribution center (Khan, Alam and Alam 2015). Moreover, the CEO of the company was able to reduce the number of suppliers which has helped the company to reduce its dependency on the suppliers and let the suppliers compete to each other for supplying both the quality and the cheaper materials (Liang 2016). Conclusion: To conclude, this can be said that logistics operation is a vast task which is not only confined to the transport of goods to the customers but it is also responsible for the reverse transport of good from the customer ends. Reverse transport happens when a customer rejects a product or if there is any fault with the product or some other reasons. Logistics, as understood from the study conducted in this paper, is a part of the whole supply chain operation; however, it really matters in regards to reducing the overall cost of supply chain operation and the cost of production. References: Ascencio, L.M., Gonzlez-Ramrez, R.G., Bearzotti, L.A., Smith, N.R. and Camacho-Vallejo, J.F., (2014). A collaborative supply chain management system for a maritime port logistics chain.Journal of applied research and technology,12(3), pp.444-458. dos Santos, R.F. and Marins, F.A.S., 2015. Integrated model for reverse logistics management of electronic products and components.Procedia Computer Science,55, pp.575-585. Grant, D.B., (2012).Logistics management. Pearson Higher Ed. Islam, D.M.Z., Meier, J.F., Aditjandra, P.T., Zunder, T.H. and Pace, G., (2013). Logistics and supply chain management.Research in Transportation Economics,41(1), pp.3-16. Khan, U.A., Alam, M.N. and Alam, S., 2015. A critical analysis of internal and external environment of Apple Inc.International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management,3(6), pp.955-961. Liang, G., 2016. The FoxApple Partnership in the Global Value Chain: How Did Foreign Direct Investment and Contract Manufacturing Reshape the Landscape of the Electronics Industry?. InUncovering value added in trade: New approaches to analyzing global value chains(pp. 141-166).

Animal Testing Essays (646 words) - Animal Testing, Toxicology

Animal Testing annon Every year, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests to determine the safety of cosmetics. Substances such as eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and other animals, despite the fact that the test results dont help prevent or treat human illness or injury. Cosmetics are not required to be tested on animals and since non-animal alternatives exist, its hard to understand why some companies still continue to conduct these tests. Cosmetic companies kill millions of animals every year to try to make a profit. According to the companies that perform these tests, they are done to establish the safety of a product and the ingredients. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which regulates cosmetic products, does not require animal testing. Some of the tests used on animals are eye irritancy tests, acute toxicity tests, and skin irritancy tests. In eye irritancy tests, a liquid, flake, granule, or powdered substance is dropped into the eyes of a group of albino rabbits. The animals are often immobilized in stocks from which only their heads protrude. They usually receive no anesthesia during the tests. After placing the substance into the rabbits eyes, lab technicians record the damage to the eye tissue at specific intervals over an average period of 72 hours. The tests sometimes last seven to eighteen days. Reactions to the substances include swollen eyelids, ulceration, bleeding, swollen irises massive deterioration, and blindness. During the tests, rabbits eyelids are usually held open with clips, because of this, many animals try to break their necks as they try to escape. Acute toxicity tests, commonly called lethal dose or poisoning tests, determine the amount of a substance that will kill a percentage, even up to one-hundred percent, of a group of test animals. In these tests, a substance is forced by tube into the animals stomach or through holes cut in their throats. Experimenters observe the animals reactions which can include convulsions, labored breathing, malnutrition, skin eruptions, and bleeding from the eyes, nose, or mouth. The test was developed in 1927 and the testing continues until at least fifty percent of the animals die (usually takes 2-4 weeks). Like eye irritancy tests, lethal dose tests are unreliable and have too many variables to have a constant result. Skin irritancy tests are conducted on rabbits, guinea pigs and other animals. The process involves placing chemicals on the animals raw, shaved skin and covering the skin with adhesive plaster. The animals are immobilized in restraining devices to prevent them from struggling. Meanwhile, laboratory workers apply the chemicals which burn into the animals skin. Alternatives to cosmetic testing are less expensive and generally more reliable to perform. Animals have different biological systems than humans therefore the tests cant be as accurate as the current tests. Some alternatives include cell cultures, tissue cultures, corneas from eye banks, and sophisticated computer and mathematical models. Companies can also devise a formula using ingredients already proven safe by the Food and Drug Administration. Most cruelty-free companies use a combination of methods to ensure the safety of a product. Lobbying by animal welfare groups has resulted in federal, state, and local legislation severely restricting animal experimentation. For example, under the U.S. Animal welfare act, all animals used in biomedical research must be bought from vendors licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA inspects laboratories where animals are used and enforces federal laws regarding treatment and care of the animals. Biomedical scientists have also taken action to prevent the abuse of the animals, mostly because abused animals may not provide reliable data. The American Physiological Society, the National Institutes of Health, and many other scientific organizations have joined to lay down guidelines for the use and treatment of experimental animals. Now, there are also many universities with animal welfare committees. In the United States survey by the American Medical Association, it was found that 75 percent of Americans are against using animals in cosmetic testing. Hundreds of companies have responded by switching to animal-friendly test methods. To help put an end to animal testing, people can stop buying products that were tested on animals. You can also call and write to these companies, or write to your congressional representative about the alternatives that can be used.

A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essays

A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essays A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essay A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury Essay A Market Driven Market Analysis of Sainsbury’s and the Emerging Online Shopping Sector Abstraction This paper represents an analysis of the recent rise in on-line place shopping and more specifically the service offered by the supermarket concatenation Sainsbury’s. The analysis derives from a market goaded direction position and efforts to put the recent activity by Sainsbury’s within a strategic and market driven model, measuring the grade to which its direction determinations fit in with bing theory in this country. To this terminal so, this paper represents non merely an appraisal and scrutiny of a existent universe company utilizing modern-day theory but an rating of that theory as it manifests within a practical state of affairs. Sainsbury’s has a long history of retail within the British market, nevertheless the initial selling run for its on-line service,Sainsbury’s To You, was dissatisfactory, coercing a re-launch and re-branding exercising in 2006 ( Lyons, 2006 ) that aimed to be more in melody with client demands. This makesSainsbury’s Online( as it is now called ) an ideal topic for a paper covering with market goaded direction. It is hoped that this paper represents both an lineation and rating of market goaded direction in practice but besides a survey of how a comparatively traditionally based company can react to client demands and integrate these into their stigmatization exercisings and their corporate civilization. Introduction – From Marketing to Market Driven Management As Lambin ( 2000 ) provinces, Marketing is both a concern doctrine and an action-orientated process ( Lambin, 2000: 3 ) ; it has both an abstract base and a practical application and, as such, alterations to accommodate the environing socio-economic and socio-political state of affairs. Marketing non merely exists as an interface between a company and its clients but besides as a statement of purpose within a market place that serves to specify market portion and merchandise arrangement. Traditionally, selling has frequently been seen as a manner of working ( or possibly even making ) sometimes, unconscious demands and desires within consumers. Maddock and Fulton’s 1996 text editionMarketing to the Mind: Right Brain Strategies for Advertising and Marketing, for case purposes to utilize psychological techniques to make a sensed demand within a consumer that can be exploited by a company in a round procedure of creative activity and repletion of desire. Used more as an active ve rb, selling has come to depict the procedure of involvement coevals one time a merchandise has been created, instead than holding an built-in topographic point within research, development and production itself. As Lambin ( 2000 ) suggests, selling has besides traditionally been seen as contingent to the ethos, mission and civilization of a house, bing within the interstice between supply and demand: In a market economic system, the function of selling is to organize free and competitory exchange so as to guarantee efficient matching of supply and demand of goods and services†¦The function of marketing in society is hence to organize exchange and communicating between Sellerss and purchasers. This definition emphasises the undertakings and maps of selling, irrespective of the intent of the procedure of exchange. [ 1 ] The linguistic communication here, of supply and demand, exchange and communicating, emanates from traditional economic theory. The traditional impression of selling, so, relates straight to the Marxist construct of the creative activity of surplus value outlined inDas Capital( 1933 ) and depicting a quintessentially 19th and early 20th century construct of commercialism ( Drucker, 2007: 3 ) . How, asks observers such as Lambin ( 2000 ) , Day ( 2007 ) and Webster ( 2002 ) , can marketing adjust to the alterations in the socio-economic place experience since the 1980s? How can marketing reflect a more postmodern and globalised society, where increased denationalization, greater and greater technological progresss ( Lambin, 2000 ) , a feminised workplace ( Amin, 1997 ) and a immensely more educated client base mean that the simple chaining of supply and demand through selling is unequal? The reply is the displacement from marketing to market goaded direction, where client satisfaction and demand permeates every procedure in the corporation [ 2 ] : from the design and research of new merchandises to the method of bringing. As Webster ( 2002 ) inside informations, the construct is a simple but effectual one: Nothing could be simpler to understand. A satisfied client is willing to pay the house good for its merchandises and services because the client finds value in them. Value is created for the stockholders in the signifier of net income when the client pays the house a monetary value that is greater than all of the monetary values the house itself paid for the goods and services that it has combined into its ain merchandise offering. Therefore, value is created in the market place by clients who perceive value in the firm’s merchandise offering. [ 3 ] This simple sounding mission statement has a enormous impact on the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours running of a concern or administration and, as we shall see, is non ever uppermost within the heads of many CEOs and stockholders. Market goaded direction purposes to put the construct of sensed value at the bosom of a company’s operations and, as such, represents an of import paradigm displacement in concern thought, one that is more holistically defined, one that attempts to put greater burden on answerability and procedure and moreover one that is commensurate with the altering commercial field beyond the council chamber. Along with the image of market goaded direction, Lambin ( 2000 ) postulates the rise of the new consumer ( Lambin, 2000: 41 ) , a more flush, spoting and technologically educated client who values time, stimulation, pleasance and change ( Lambin, 2000: 41 ) above traditional consumer desires such as length of service, quality and low monetary value. Baker and Bass ( 2003 ) continue this line of idea when they province: The present consumer-driven market place is characterised by a new sort of consumer, one who has been diversely described as active’ , knowledgeable’ and post-modern’ . In kernel, this is a New Consumer’ a animal clearly different and identifiable from its predecessors. [ 4 ] The image of the new consumer’ embodies many of the concerns of market goaded direction, it besides, as we shall see, has a great bearing on the instance survey that forms the following portion of this paper. The new consumer is a theoretical account that is based non simply on stuff demand but on a whole gamut of different situational demands, from clip direction to the desire for alteration and freshness. Servicess such as on-line shopping and e-commerce could merely hold come out of displacements in the manner clients needed to carry on their concern and ipso facto their whole life style ( Dholakia, Fritz, Dholakia and Mundorf, 2002 ) nevertheless this was facilitated by patterned advances in engineering and in marketing theory – as the traditional paths to client involvement ( in-store direction, forepart of head advertisement [ Varey, 2001 ] , monetary value decreases and so on ) began to look inadequate. The instance survey that follows looks at one such illustration of this, the online shopping arm of J. Sainsbury’s,Sainsbury’s Online, and does so within the renters of market driven direction and related theory. The first subdivision presents a general company background and overview of their present place ; the 2nd subdivision looks at the country of client behaviors and related scheme ( Lambin, 2000: 89-458 ) ; the 3rd, market goaded direction determinations such as merchandise line and pricing ( Lambin, 2000: 459-698 ) and the decision aims to put all of this within the context of current theory and to measure Sainsbury’s current policies. Sainsbury’s Online – A Traditional Company in a Changing Universe J. Sainsbury’s was founded in 1869 by John and Mary Ann Sainsbury [ 5 ] in Drury Lane, London and has grown to be one of the major participants in the UK food market market, functioning on norm about 16 million clients in 455 supermarkets around the state every hebdomad. Geting a figure of related concerns through a series of coup detats in the 1990s ( Bells Stores, Jacksons, JB Beaumont etc ) Sainsbury’s has invariably been careful to safeguard its image as a purveyor of quality green goods and besides to increase its presence in the market place over the last decennary. Its literature invariably stresses the extent that it responds to its customer’s demands and wants whilst at the same clip guaranting that its stockholders are kept happy with high returns. Its mission statement, for illustration, reads: Our aim is simple ; to function clients good and thereby supply stockholders with good, sustainable fiscal returns†¦ Our policy is to work with all of our providers reasonably, recognizing the common benefit of fulfilling clients demands. We besides aim to carry through our duties to the communities and environments in which we operate. [ 6 ] We can see here the beginnings of a market goaded direction mentality, where the satisfaction of the stakeholders is inextricably linked to that of the clients ; [ 7 ] nevertheless, as we shall see, this was non ever the instance, and market placement of Sainsbury’s is still a debatable country. Sainsbury’s To You, Sainsbury’s cyberspace shopping site, was ab initio rolled out in 2001/2 and operated out of merely 20 shops throughout the state. In its first twelvemonth, it made a ?50m loss making gross revenues of around ?110m in 2002 ( Wearden, 2002 ) . This was in comparing to Tesco online that achieved gross revenues of over ?356m in the same twelvemonth and handled about 85,000 orders per hebdomad to Sainsbury’s 27,000. As Harris and Dennis ( 2002 ) item, the scheme for the turn overing out ofSainsbury’s To Youwas based really much on their bing concern theoretical account. Initially, Sainsbury’s adopted the order and collect system that meant clients would order online and so come into the shop to pick up their food markets ( Harris and Dennis, 2002: 252 ) . This was chiefly designed to feed into bing selling schemes of impulse purchasing and forepart of head advertisement – the client would purchase farther green goods in shop w hen they came in to pick up their antecedently detailed order, so the thoery went. As Harris and Dennis ( 2002 ) suggest, non merely was this unpopular ( the market leader Tesco declining to follow such as system ) but Sainsbury’s ( and its rival Safeway ) abandoned this after 2002 when it was re-branded and re-launched. This last point is an interesting illustration of the manner in which a company such as Sainsbury’s can neglect to factor the demands and desires of the client when explicating market schemes. The order and collect’ service was based, so Harris and Dennis ( 2002 ) suggest, on preexistent corporate schemes non commensurate with market driven operations, the client hence rejected the service out of manus and the concern, purportedly given the disparity in net incomes, when to the rival supermarket, Tesco. Sainsbury’s is now the 3rd biggest online grocer behind Tesco and Asda, a state of affairs that is, in portion, due to the re-launch of the on-line service in 2002/3 ( Thompson, 2008 ) . The following subdivision looks closely at the building ofSainsbury’s Onlineand how this fits into, foremost, the company’s bing authorization and, secondly, market goaded direction theory. Customer Behaviour and Schemes One of the primary incentives behind market goaded direction is client satisfaction and this, as Lambin ( 2000 ) inside informations is best understood through a consideration of client behavior and how it changes over clip. Bradley ( 2003 ) inside informations that a consumer’s behavior is a complex procedure based on a whole scope of sociological and psychological inputs that are brooding of alterations in the wider societal field, as he states: The external factors which influence consumer purchasing behavior are civilization, moralss, legal limitations, societal category, interhousehold communications and other influential procedures. The internal factors refer to the individual’s ain cognitive universe which determines the individual’s reaction to stimuli. [ 8 ] Lambin ( 2000 ) criticises accepted theory that asserts that marketing creates need, for him and for many other theoreticians ( Varey and Lewis, 2000 ; Morris and Morris, 1990 ; Thompson and Strickland, 2003 etc ) selling should reflect a demand existent in the market topographic point already for Lambin ( 2000 ) the issue is one of analysis instead than creative activity. It is easy to see how this impression fits into e-commerce and online shopping, Chan, Lee, Dillon and Chang ( 2001 ) for case have stated how alterations in the nature of society and client life styles have created a demand for services that are unusually different from traditional commercial ventures. One of the first stairss, so, to showing clients with what they need is to understand their life style and to factor this in to any corporate determination, as Lambin ( 2000 ) provinces: The consumer is consistent with regard to his or her ain set of maxims, and non with regard to a set of maxims defined with no mention to a specific situational context or penchants construction. [ 9 ] We have so the image of a client whose demands are propelledbyand rootedina specific situational context and this, as plants on e-commerce have told us, is non needfully commensurate with historically determined or traditional demands. The user of an on-line food market site, for case, is improbable to do the same sorts of impulse bargains as a shopper in shop, they are besides, as Dennis, Fenech and Merrilees ( 2004 ) item, more likely to value such things as dependability of the web site, website design and client service over monetary value and particular offers ( Dennis, Fenech and Merrilees, 2004: 92 ) . Following the re-launch ofSainsbury’s To Youin 2002, Sainsbury’s offered a more matter-of-fact and useful service, more aligned with its nearest challenger Tesco than the sole market its original name suggested. This was clearly a strategic operation carried out after initial losingss and, as Hackney, Grant and Birtwhistle ( 2006 ) item, resulted in a 19 per cent per cent growing over the following 12 months. One of the specific tools Lambin ( 2000 ) lineations is demand analysis ( Lambin, 2000: 292 ) a construct that combines primary demand’ ( the entire demand for a peculiar merchandise or service, in a specific geographical country, a specific clip frame and a specific economic environment ) and company demand’ ( a particular company’s portion of the primary ) . The primary demand can besides be plotted against entire market strength to foretell impregnation degrees and to be after for strategic eventualities. Figures from the IGD province that, in 2004, the primary demand for on-line food market shopping was around ?1bn per twelvemonth and that Sainsbury’s commanded around 14 per cent of this ( company demand ) . [ 10 ] The absolute market is dependent on a figure of things, in this sector, chiefly of class the figure of families with entree to a computing machine and the cyberspace – presently this is thought to be in the part of 8 million [ 11 ] , each of these families potentially spend the norm of ?119.10 per hebdomad on food markets online [ 12 ] and it is this figure ( figure of family ten mean hebdomadal budget ) that represents the absolute market potency ( Lambin, 2000: 294 ) that Sainsbury’s can take for. As Hackney, Grant and Birtwhistle ( 2006 ) province, much of the success of the Tesco online system and therefore, much of the failure of Sainsbury’s initial operations, was due to strategic planning. Tesco non merely had bing trade name acquaintance but was besides able to develop an emergent strategy ( Mintzberg and Waters, 1985 ) that was conceived of over a figure of old ages. Unlike Sainsbury’s, Tesco’s online operations grew easy during the first two old ages of operation and was merely rolled out to the full after the bringing substructure was in topographic point and working ( Grant and Birtwhistle, 2006 ) . Commensurate with impressions of the strategic selling program ( Lambin, 2000: 424 ; Stone and Maccall, 2004 ; Proctor, 2000 etc ) Sainsbury’s attempted ( and still try ) to place themselves within a market that was already emerging and, to some extent, booming. The trade name direction of Sainsbury’s stresses the importance of quality a nd household values every bit good as foregrounding its ain scope of low priced merchandises, their mission provinces for illustration that: At Sainsbury s we will present an of all time bettering quality shopping experience for our clients with great merchandise at just monetary values. We aim to transcend client outlooks for healthy, safe, fresh and tasty nutrient doing their lives easier mundane. [ 13 ] This in blunt contrast to that of Tesco that systematically stresses the impression of value in their literature and selling. [ 14 ] Sainsbury’s has systematically positioned itself in the food market market between the cheaper shops such as Tesco and Asda and the higher priced, choice thrust concerns like Waitrose and Marks and Spencer. This has manifested itself non merely in the design and construction of the website it offers for case a practical community where users can interchange formulas and thoughts – but besides in some of the direction determinations made over the last two old ages. The desire for a greener shopping experience for case has led Sainsbury’s to perpetrate to electric new waves to present their goods by 2010, reflective of, non merely, their mission statement’s purpose to offer a whole shopping experience’ but of their strategic placement within an already crowded market. Market Driven Management Decisions This last point enables us to interrogate the concluding country of operations: market goaded direction determinations, the impression that all corporate determination devising should be based on the sorts of strategic placement and demand analysis that we have hitherto looked at [ 15 ] . As Lambin ( 2000 ) provinces, within a market goaded administration, all determinations from pricing to merchandise choice, from logistics to advertisement will be based on client satisfaction and deriving greater market portion: In a invariably altering environment, a company must continuously re-evaluate the construction of its portfolio of activities, intending the determinations to abandon merchandises, modify bing 1s or launch new merchandises. These determinations are of the extreme importance to the endurance of company and affect non merely the selling section, but all of the other functional countries as good. [ 16 ] We have already seen how logistical determinations at Sainsbury’s were affected by market concerns through the acceptance of greener conveyance and how the forsaking and re-launch of the originalSainsbury’s To Youwebsite reflected the sensed demand of its clients and its market placement. Commensurate with impressions of market goaded pricing, Sainsbury’s used a construction that can be viewed more as a statement of value ( Morris and Morris, 1990 ) than a calculated scheme of underselling that is traditionally seen to be the chief arm in a supermarket monetary value war. Again Sainsbury’s attempted to place itself as a center land participant within the market by appealingbothto clients seeking cut monetary value value merchandises with the debut of its Low Price’ no frills range [ 17 ] and the higher priced healthy organic nutrient scope Be Good to Yourself . Again, we can see here how such pricing determinations reflect its strategic operations as positioning itself someplace between Tesco and Waitrose. Datas from Sainsbury’s online clients is due to be combined with strategies rolled out in shop. The CRM ( client relationship direction ) based exercising is due to hit shops UK broad in 2008 and aims to unite both in-store and on-line client databases [ 18 ] . Sainsbury’s trueness cardNectarnon merely offers clients money back offers and price reductions therefore functioning as a trueness card but, evidently, besides provides a front terminal to a valuable CRM informations aggregation exercising and this is set addition as it is combined with the new informations analytics tool, Self Serve’ ( LMG, 2008 ) . Customer relationship direction aims to use informations collected through things such as trueness cards and shopping behavior to better the free flow of information between consumer and retail merchant ; as Zingale and Arndt ( 2001 ) item, this is peculiarly utile when covering with on-line shopping: Enterprises should non see the cyberspace as simply a new medium or new channel ( although both of these could be get downing points for internal treatments ) , but more as a riotous engineering that demands strategic response. In other words, endeavors should explicate an Internet scheme for all facets of their concern: selling, distribution, stock list, direction, procurance. [ 19 ] Online shopping, so, can non merely be a manner of easing shopping but besides a manner of garnering informations on client behavior. It is easy to see, in Sainsbury’s particularly, how such information is being used – the web site itself, for case, merely offers those merchandises that its client base has proven to devour and there is a installation for offering merchandises based on picks made in the yesteryear. This, along with the creative activity of on-line communities through forums and information exchange portals, forms the footing of Sainsbury’s client relationship plan. Conclusion – The Middle Ground Scenario As we have antecedently hinted at, Sainsbury’s can be seen to be a traditional company trying to set to a altering economic universe. Its historical presence in the high street has assured it is good known in the market topographic point ; nevertheless this presence has besides been a barrier to its ingraining into emerging engineerings such as the cyberspace. Initially, as we have discussed, its web site was seen as a failure, particularly when compared to its nearest challenger Tesco, nevertheless through a period of re-branding it was re-launched and exists today as one of the fastest turning sectors of the nucleus company’s concern. As this study has tried to asseverate, this was due, in the chief, to the acceptance of many market goaded direction determinations and schemes that attempted non merely to re-position its on-line service in the market topographic point – bridging the gulf between Tesco and Waitrose – but besides to put client demands and s atisfaction at the bosom of its operations. In this manner, as Zingale and Arndt ( 2001 ) province, its cyberspace arm is being seen as inextricably linked to the remainder of the concern, non merely trusting on the bing constructions of procurance and bringing but besides feeding back information and information analysis to let for continually alteration and transmutation. Market goaded direction affects all countries of an operation and we have traced this throughSainsbury’s Online, looking at procedures such as CRM, strategic pricing, demand analysis and client behavior. It is interesting to observe that Sainsbury’s cyberspace based services non merely represent many of the issues discussed but besides that acceptance of these schemes coincided with increased use of their web site and greater net incomes. The alterations in the manner Sainsbury’s viewed its online shopping operations are an interesting correlate to the manner it has shaped its ain market place in recent old ages – trying to offer its clients value that resides more in community and household than merely monetary value cuts. Mentions Books and Diaries Abram, J and Hawkes, P ( 2003 ) ,The Seven Myths of Consumer Management, London: John Wiley. Amin, A ( 1997 ) ,Post-Fordism: A Reader, London: Blackwell. 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Harris, L and Dennis, C ( 2002 ) ,Marketing the E-Business, London: Routledge. Kotler, P, Wong, V, Saunders, J and Armstrong, G ( 2004 ) ,Principles of Marketing, London: Financial Times. Lambin, J.J ( 2000 ) ,Market Driven Management: Strategic and Operational Marketing, London: Macmillan. LMG ( 2008 ) , Self Serve provides Sainsbury’s matchless retail insights’ , published online at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.loyalty.co.uk/media_pr_35.html Maddock, R and Fulton, R ( 1996 ) ,Marketing to the Mind: Right Brain Strategies for Advertising and Marketing, London: Quorum Books. Mark, K ( 1933 ) ,Das Capital, London: Dent. Mintzberg, H. , Waters, J.A. ( 1985 ) , Of schemes, deliberate and emergent , Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 6 pp.257-72. Morris, M and Morris, G ( 1990 ) ,Market Orientated Pricing, London: Quorum Books. Porter, M ( 1998 ) ,Competitive Scheme, London: Simon and Schuster. Proctor, T ( 2000 ) ,Strategic Selling: An Introduction, London: Routledge. Rock, M and MaccallJ ( 2004 ) ,International Strategic Marketing, London: Routledge. Thompson, A and Strickland, A ( 2003 ) ,Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases, London: Mcgraw Hill. Thompson, J ( 2008 ) , Asda overtakes Sainsbury’s to go No. 2 online’ , published in The Independent, 28ThursdayJuly, 2008. Tillmann, G ( 2008 ) ,The Business Orientated CIO: A Guide to Market Driven Management, London: John Wiley. Varey, R ( 2001) , Marketing Communication: Principles and Practice, London: Routledge. Varey, R and Lewis, B ( 2000 ) ,Internal Selling: Directions of Management, London: Routledge. Wearden, G ( 2002 ) , Sainsbury’s Online far from profitability’ , published online at hypertext transfer protocol: //news.zdnet.co.uk/itmanagement/0,1000000308,2111088,00.htm Webster, F ( 2002 ) ,Market Driven Management: How to Define, Develop and Deliver Customer Value, London: John Wiley. 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Assessment - Essay Example The reliability of a subjective test is determined by the degree of its correctness and consistency in providing information regarding the examinee. A reliable test should yield identical results when run multiple times or when used with the same group of students because it is constant in its procedures and criteria. Reliable test results are stable and consistent (McMillan, 2008; Atherton, 2011). Validity is the ability of a test to measure the intended objective. The three types of validity are content, criterion and construct validity. Content validity is achieved if the content of the test matches the intended objectives. Criterion validity is determined by the capability of the test to relate to other external factors. Construct validity considers educational variables while predicting the test results (McMillan, 2008).An example of an objective test is: The reliability of a subjective test can be measured by giving the same test more than once or giving creating two forms of the same test with slight variations. The reliability of such test is measured by calculating the correlation of the consistency. Internal consistency is determined by correlating a half of the assessment with the remaining half. Reliability consistence ranges from 0 to 1.0 with 0 representing absence of reliability while 1 depicts perfect reliability. Test with a reliability coefficient of above 0.8 are considered to be standard while those with a coefficient below 0.5 are considered to be less reliable. Validity is measured by establishing if the test meets or measures the intended objective (McMillan, 2008; Atherton, 2011). Determining the reliability and validity of a test is important since it help in establishing accuracy of the grade obtained using such a test, if a test is valid and reliable the results obtained are considered a true depiction of the students’ level of understanding Formative assessment is used by the teachers or lecturers to obtain

Positive And Negative Impacts Of Customer Relationship

Positive And Negative Impacts Of Customer Relationship In current economic conditions it is a basic requirement for a company to manage information. Anderson Kerr 2002, p.2 define Customer Relationship Management as a comprehensive approach for creating, maintaining and expanding customer relationships. It is vital that information is used effectively to acknowledge the customer needs. CRM is established for the improvement of the relationship between the customer and organisation. This improvement happens when a company establishes new relations with the new customers and also when it maintains its existing relationship with the customer. CRM existed in ancient times but only started to develop in recent years (Makeupmyname, 2009) It is explained that the development is mainly due to technological advances. Although there are other factors which influenced the recent development of CRM. As a business strategy CRM effectively organisies company resources in the department of sales, marketing, finance and HR (Get fast, Date Accessed 4th) This report will specifically look at the positive and negative impacts of Customer Relationship Management has upon the marketing function. Furthermore it will take a detailed look at the use of technology and business strategy. USE OF TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINING: According to Buttle (2004,p.34) Customer Relationship management (CRM) is a core business strategy that integrates processes, functions and external networks to create and deliver value to targeted customers at a profit. It is grounded on high quality customer data and enable by Information Technology (IT). Raab, et al. (2008) expands on this by stating that company carries on their existing business by finding the appropriate methods, technology and then delivering them to the customer in the best ways preferred to the customers requirements. This mainly includes the data which assists the company to know valuable information required for marketing the product to the customer. Information produced for purpose of CRM consists of customers behavior towards the company, transactions made from sales, web used by the customer for purchasing the product and contact of the customer for informing them about the new product and keeping relationships. Software technology helps the company to analyse the data for marketing the product and also for finding out which product is more preferred by their customer in the market (Smith, 2009) Software technology allows the company to analyse the data and keep the relationship with the customer. This form of technology assists the company to advertise their products online and also assists selling of the product through this software. In the contrast hardware technology is used for storing all kind of data used by the company about its customer. Hardware is described as a client-server with mainframe for data volumes by Mutch (2008,p. 92). IMPACT OF INFORMATION USE: By considering CRM as a technology, the incorporated usage of Information Communication Technology (ICT), Information Technology (IT) and Information system (IS), are vital from which the data are occurred and interpreted for the information use (Mutch, 2008). CRM has developed in last decade due to the technology used in it. The increase of acceptance in CRM technology in business is due to the concepts of marketing orientation (Kohli, Jaworski and Kumar, 1993). Technology has become important for the company for storing data and using this data to form the strategy of the company. Surveys are one of the methods used to collection information; this form of research helps company to develop marketing software which is used in advertising products to the customers. The use of web technology and use of software as a service provider records all the transactions of the sales in the customer data. This data is used so that the can find out about the usage of product from the customer. Th e company can use the usage data to make any strategic changes to its product. Ultimately, the company will produce the product to its customer needs which will therefore build its relationship with the customer. Davenport (1997, p.9) explains that information is the data which is a kind of purpose and relevance that helps the company to analysis the data in a meaningful way. Data which is collected is the information which is obtained from the customer about their view of product and their expectation from the company. Managing this data is important for the company because this helps the company to get into touch with the customer and to maintain the relationships. It is vital that marketing data which has been collected is of a qualitative nature. This is important because the collected data will be used to produce the companies marketing strategy. If incorrect data is used by the company for marketing purposes, it may have difficulties of understanding the customers requirements and therefore they will struggle in building relationships with its customers. This information which is found now can easily be stored in computers as a data and it can be used infinite amount of times by the company (Buttle, 2004). Information which is collected is structured into computer database in such a way that it can be broken down easily. In CRM the information which is collected is used for decision-making regarding the manufacturing of new product and launching it in to the market. The information which is collected in CRM can also impact customer service, finance, sales and Human Resources management. Knox (2007) affirmed that Hierarchical Nature of Information, which explain that various data merge to form information which in written forms in to knowledge for the company and this information is included to get the valuable meaning. Information is the data which has been produced by the company for making decisions regarding the products and how to market their products. Information plays an important role in the development of the marketing strategy. Managing information in large organisations is important because they regularly collect vast amount of information from the transactions of sales which can for a variety of purpose in the business (Sharp, 2003). CRM is the base for the technology used in collection of data which helps company to capture analysis and apply it in the business. The large amount of information which is collected by the company helps them to understand the requirement of the customer and then apply it to the decision- making in the business. Knowledge in term means the understanding of the particular thing (bob,2005). In regards to technology Goldenberg (2003,p, 171) states that Knowledge management technology helps companies to capture, organize, manipulate, and share explicit and implicit data. In contrast Awad and Ghaziri (2004, p.33) state that knowledge is an understanding gained through experience or study. It is the experience which builds the knowledge about the marketing for the company but not by knowing the particular thing of the market. It is like a task which has to be completed by the person for getting knowledge. In CRM the understanding of meaningful information is released to the person to result in to the knowledge of the customer relationship. The concept behind the knowledge management is of combination of people, technology and organizational process used in the best way to get the result (Awad and Ghaziri, 2004). CRM helps the company to find the most appropriate way for utilizing the knowledge and getting best result out of it. It is the mixture of all kind of data available for the company as uses secondary resources. The main focus behind CRM in knowledge is to collect large amount of data and then finding out the best suitable data for the particular product for marketing (Awad and Ghaziri, 2004).

Fun Should be the Focus of Youth Sports :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

  Ã‚   Over the last two decades the growth of youth sports has reflected the popularity of professional sports in our society. To a foreign observer of the American culture we appear to be a sport's obsessed society. Sporting events and news are available to us twenty-four hours a day on television and radio; sports are an enormous industry. In 1995 it was determined that the sporting industry generated 85 billion dollars worth of business. It is now estimated that by the year 2005 the sporting industry will be worth more than 150 billion dollars, making one of the top ten industries in the U.S. (Murphy 32). The outstanding popularity of the sports industry has had a profound affect on youth sport's organizations. Recent surveys place the number of children participating in various team sports at around 20 million. However, critics estimate that as many as 73 percent quit sports by age thirteen. The majority of children drop out by middle school age because sports are no longer fun for them. There are several contributing factors to this phenomenon, parents and coaches putting excessive pressure on children, over competitiveness, anxiety, and simple loss of interest.    Children join sports at a young age, and it is usually the parent who decides what sport the child will play. Parents are often very involved in their child's sport. The parents buy the team trophies, uniforms, and equipment and shuttle their child to and from games and practices. Most children enjoy this time they spend with their family and friends. There is little emphasis placed on competition and children all have an equal chance to participate. They are able to "play" with their friends outside the school environment and simply have fun, which in turn keeps children interested and involved in their sport.    As children get older they ascend to a higher level in their sport, for instance, from T- ball, to little league. During this time pressure to succeed starts to rise. Parents and coaches often become more involved with the game than with their children, attention starts to focus to the more "talented" players on the team, and competition and "who wins" takes precedence over having fun. In his book The Cheers and the Tears, sport's psychologist Shane Murphy Ph.D., claims that "One way in which many traditional youth sport programs fail to meet the needs of children is by introducing too much competition too early.

Barriers to Communication

Sender-oriented †¢Receiver-oriented Sender oriented barriers: It can be either voluntary or involuntary. At any cost, efforts should be made on the part of the sender to identify and remove them. Some of the barriers that are sender oriented are: ? Badly expressed message: concrete ideas and well structures message ? Loss in transmission: correct choice of medium or channel ?Semantic problem: simple words and accurate understanding of intension ? Over/under communication: quantum of information should be right ? I’ Attitude: avoid I attitude ?Prejudices: mind free of bias Rules to overcome the sender oriented barriers: ?Plan and clarify ideas ?Create a climate of trust and confidence ?Time your mind carefully ?Reinforce words with action ?Communicate efficiently Receiver-oriented barriers: ?Poor retention: jot down points ?Inattentive listening: improve concentration ?Tendency to evaluate: delay evaluation ?Interest and attitudes: develop interest ?Conflicting information : confirm with feedback, clarify Differing status and position: encourage juniors to come up with ideas and listen ? Resistance to change: be flexible ?Refutations and arguments: enter into healthy discussions Communication noise In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent over a channel by an encoder. There are many examples of noise: Environmental Noise: Noise that physically disrupts communication, such as standing next to loud speakers at a party, or the noise from a construction site next to a classroom making it difficult to hear the professor.Physiological-Impairment Noise: Physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness preventing messages from being received as they were intended. Semantic Noise: Different interpretations of the meanings of certain words. For example, the word â€Å"weed† can be interpreted as an undesirable plant in your yard, or as a euphemism for marijuana. Synta ctical Noise: Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as abrupt changes in verb tense during a sentence.Organizational Noise: Poorly structured communication can prevent the receiver from accurate interpretation. For example, unclear and badly stated directions can make the receiver even more lost. Cultural Noise: Stereotypical assumptions can cause misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-Christian person by wishing them a â€Å"Merry Christmas. † Psychological Noise: Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness may cause someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders such as Autism may also severely hamper effective communication. [11] Barriers to Communication Barriers to communication I Ways to overcome the barrier I A person could be deaf, so obviously they cannot hear what any body is saying to them, they wouldn't be able to hear somebody calling them over and they wont know If people are talking about them which could also lower their self esteem. I This person could still be communicated with by others that know sign language, people could learn sign language so they can interact and communicate with this person, or written communication could be used so people are still able to talk to this person.I People from different cultures may not speak the same language which is a barrier to communication, because they will not be able to understand what you are saying and you will not be able to understand them. I This can be solved by having a translator to help you communicate, you could also try to understand their language by having someone teach you. Pictures and signs could be used to communicate visually making It easier to communicat e.I Having a lack of confidence could be a barrier to communication because the person wont feel confident enough to speak to you, be reverse, shy and scared, and lack of confidence could prevent communication skills from developing. I Ways to overcome this could be to make the person feel comfortable, start off the conversation, make the person feel like you are interested and make them feel better about them selves. I If a person is blind they could feel uncomfortable speaking to people because they wont be able to see who they're talking too, feel vulnerable, scared and unsafe.I Having a person that they know and feel comfortable around with them, would help because they then would feel safe ND secure having somebody they trust with them I Speech difficulties. A person may not be able to speak due to damage to the brain or vocal cords or any other problems they may have which doesn't allow them to speak. I Electronic speech synthesizers could solve this problem. It allows people who have problems with speaking, to communicate with others although they can't actually speak themselves.I Having parent's who are deaf/have speech difficulties could be a problem,it could prevent communication skills developing because their parent's can't speak to hem, teaching them communication skills as they grow up. I Being at nursery, and schools will help this situation. The child will be around others who will speak and communicate in other ways with them. Teaching them communication skills. Having a family member, friend or helper who has no speech difficulties, around the child as he or she grows up would make a difference because he or she can pick up the communication skills they need from that person. Barriers to Communication Sender-oriented †¢Receiver-oriented Sender oriented barriers: It can be either voluntary or involuntary. At any cost, efforts should be made on the part of the sender to identify and remove them. Some of the barriers that are sender oriented are: ? Badly expressed message: concrete ideas and well structures message ? Loss in transmission: correct choice of medium or channel ?Semantic problem: simple words and accurate understanding of intension ? Over/under communication: quantum of information should be right ? I’ Attitude: avoid I attitude ?Prejudices: mind free of bias Rules to overcome the sender oriented barriers: ?Plan and clarify ideas ?Create a climate of trust and confidence ?Time your mind carefully ?Reinforce words with action ?Communicate efficiently Receiver-oriented barriers: ?Poor retention: jot down points ?Inattentive listening: improve concentration ?Tendency to evaluate: delay evaluation ?Interest and attitudes: develop interest ?Conflicting information : confirm with feedback, clarify Differing status and position: encourage juniors to come up with ideas and listen ? Resistance to change: be flexible ?Refutations and arguments: enter into healthy discussions Communication noise In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent over a channel by an encoder. There are many examples of noise: Environmental Noise: Noise that physically disrupts communication, such as standing next to loud speakers at a party, or the noise from a construction site next to a classroom making it difficult to hear the professor.Physiological-Impairment Noise: Physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness preventing messages from being received as they were intended. Semantic Noise: Different interpretations of the meanings of certain words. For example, the word â€Å"weed† can be interpreted as an undesirable plant in your yard, or as a euphemism for marijuana. Synta ctical Noise: Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as abrupt changes in verb tense during a sentence.Organizational Noise: Poorly structured communication can prevent the receiver from accurate interpretation. For example, unclear and badly stated directions can make the receiver even more lost. Cultural Noise: Stereotypical assumptions can cause misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-Christian person by wishing them a â€Å"Merry Christmas. † Psychological Noise: Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness may cause someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders such as Autism may also severely hamper effective communication. [11]

RG LeTourneau Essays

RG LeTourneau Essays RG LeTourneau Paper RG LeTourneau Paper Impact on this earth. R. G. Literature was born in Rockford, Vermont during the winter of 1 888, the son of Caleb and Elizabeth Literature. At the age of 14, he decided that a traditional education was not for him. At the disappointment of his parents, R. G. Literature dropped out of school, and quickly moved in to the working world. His first Job, working as an apprentice molder for East Portland Iron Works, proved to be a stepping stone to what would one day produce an inventor of grand proportions. He is most famously known for his innovative earth moving equipment that evolutionist the Industry In more ways than one, but Is also known as one of the few businessmen that gave credit to the Lord for all that he was given. And although there were many ups and downs, Literature continuously strives to keep his partnership with God at the forefront of every venture he approached. Literature was an innovator without realizing that he was innovative. In fact, when described as being a man whose visions were years ahead of his time, he would often scratch his head in dismay. He felt that his invention were very much in he present, coming up with most of his ideas In his bath tub or on the seat of a tractor, and creating what he needed at the time to get him past one problem or another. The items that he invented are too numerous to list, but the most widely known for his development and invention of earthmoving machines. One of the most recognizable creations was the runner tire bulldozer. By adding runner tires, this machine could now work through terrain in which it was not previously capable. He also made numerous improvements to scrapers, even creating a two wheeled tracker named the Turnaround, which would allow scrapers to be more efficiently maneuvered. Approximately 80 inventions were patented while working on government contracts. Literature factories were responsible for supplying seventy percent of heavy equipment used during WI. Also, while working on projects In Liberia and Peru, he invented what became known as the Jungle Crusher, a machine that could push through and destroy massive trees of the Jungle. In later years, Literature invented the first known mobile drilling platform used for offshore drilling. These platforms ere first created for Capita Oil, Inc. , then owned by George H. W. Bush. In 1937, he married Evelyn Peterson of Minnesota. Their family would eventually grow in size with the addition of seven children. Unfortunately, his first born passed away at a very young age from a flu epidemic, and another son passed away later in life in a plane crash. His living children are his only surviving daughter, Louis, and four sons Richard, Ray, Ted and Ben. All of his children were raised knowing that God comes first and everything else comes after. Each of them lived to work with heir father, helping to develop projects in Liberia in Peru and by managing and overseeing the company, the foundation, and the college. Not only did Literature instill Christian values in his home, but also in his business. He was one of the only businessmen to insist that a chaplain be available to all of his employees. He also helped develop and publish a monthly newsletter about faith and Christianity that was distributed to all of his employees and multiple fellow businessmen. This publication is named NOW, and is still in publication as Now Magazine, distributed ND maintained at Literature University. Literature was always loyal and appreciative of his employees. When working through a serious problem on one particular Job, he wasnt sure how he would meet a deadline that was required in order to keep the Job. He turned to his employees, and asked for their guidance and support. Although they werent sure that they could achieve the goal in front of them, they promised to do whatever means necessary to try. Literature (1972) commented on this in his auto biography saying, l had a mighty loyal bunch of men. If all Christians could unite like that in their loyalty of the Lord, this world wouldnt be in the mess its in. (Literature, 1972, p. 180). Whether they thought of as crazy or inspiring, there was never a doubt in his peers minds that R. G. Literature was a man of faith that built his business on the grounds of Christianity. To him, working with God as a partner was essential in order to be successful in this earthly life. He was known to say, Not how much of my money I give to God, but how much of His money I keep for myself. (Literature, 1972, p. 90). This quote seems to epitomize the doctrine in which Literature stood. He believed that R. G. Literature His Faith Share information in this section describing his Christian Faith Share his life scripture verse Share information in this section on any specific quotes mentioned as it relates to his faith Conclusion Share your thoughts on learning about the founder of Literature University and how this impacts earning your degree at Literature University Share information in this section on any specific quotes mentioned that has impacted your life References Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice-Hall.

Globalisation And Sustainability Essays - Capitalism, Free Essays

Globalisation And Sustainability Essays - Capitalism, Free Essays Globalisation And Sustainability Globalisation and Sustainability: The Importance of Government Sidney Rua Student #: 990129213 Frasier Valentine POL103Y1 April 10, 2000 The world was once vast and unknown. Communication was once dreaded as messages would take exceeded amounts of time from one point of destination to the next. Countries would not know of each others affairs for months because the world was large beyond anyones imagination. But as soon as technology reared its head the world rapidly became smaller. It modified everything within its grasp. Communication that once took months could now take seconds. Travelling abroad that would have taken years now took hours. Every institution that fell into this form of globalisation changed. It is obvious to see that governments have also been effected by globalisation in such ways that they can either imitate or contrast with each other. Yet a controversy exists about the issue on the effect of globalisation on governmental power. On one side of the argument globalisation is considered as a force that weakens the power of government whereas others debate the contrary, claiming that there is no effect and power remains constant. Still both arguments fail because of the extremity that they impose. A better argument would be that globalisation does effect government power, not to the point of weakening, but ensuring that no abuse of power occurs unknowingly. Globalisation is simply a tool that enables the actions of governments to be monitored by other countries and world organisations. With comparison of Australian and Canadian environmental policy, it will be clear that actions taken by the government have been influenced (not controlled) by globalisation. The idea of the world becoming a small interactive village is what many would consider the effect of globalisation. Boundaries are no longer an issue and can be crossed with an easy click of the mouse. But globalisation is far from being a new concept that came along with technology. It has existed since humans have had curiosity. The exploring of new lands, the discovery of new peoples and nations, to the fascination of natures physical features, people have been in the process of globalisation for centuries. Technology had simply allowed globalisation to progress a little more rapidly than what it had accomplished in the past. Although it seems that globalisation brings promise of a unified Utopian society this is far from becoming the truth. Todays world is based on the market. The selling of goods and services to the consumer to gain profit. Therefore globalisation has become the expansion of the market place with greater opportunities for production and trade in new locations.1 Relations are established between nations, not for the mere satisfaction of peace, but for the insurance that a trading partner exists where profit can be gained. This motivation from profit leads to the element of the manufacturing process. In order to achieve maximum profit corporations need to spend less in producing a product. They go about this through means of cheap energy fuel (usually fossil fuels like coal), low labour wages, and cutting costs in waste disposal. For an exceeded amount of time corporations have been able to escape the clutches of the law because it was seen that damage to the environment was a small price to pay in exchange for high profits. For instance abuse to the Canadian forests in the past two centuries has led to a large proportion of it being cut, 8 000 kilometres long and hundreds of kilometres wide.2 When large damage has been inflicted only then will peoples concerns be aroused. Governments then needed to intervene, to steer corporations from inflicting anymore damage to

Manners in the Business Workplace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manners in the Business Workplace - Assignment Example The researcher states that business etiquette plays a major role in the success of an individual to move towards their dream job. Business etiquettes do not have any clear and written out rules that need to be followed, however mainly includes being courteous, and respectful of people at the workplace. In the present times, with the fast-paced information age work environment, office etiquette is becoming more important each day. Keeping up the etiquette within the workplace clearly is crucial to help each other work more effectively and to be able to keep up with the fast pace. To be able to keep up with the growing competition and need for fast-paced working, people without office etiquette tend to be big hindrances to their own growth as well as the growth of the team and organization as a whole. Hence this is crucial and needs to be followed by all organizations. Workers are a keep in the development of good business manners as they form the business and if the business manners a re developed by themselves, then there are higher chances that they would follow the rules and manners. Workers form the business and hence in the case of the manners their inputs and contributions are needed the highest. With the intense competition and the high need for goal-oriented individuals, and the changing workplace styles (open workplaces), there are a number of changes to the office conduct. People need to be more aware of their surroundings and their behavior and need to also ensure that little or no personal discussions are held within the office space. The main change in the present times is the need to respect the space of others as well as to ensure that aspects like noise, clutter and odor are kept under control. This helps in the overall effective workplace. Workplaces require gender-free etiquette and to do so, a few possible steps that can be inculcated in all employees are to follow the below-mentioned rules: a) holding the door open for anyone who follows irres pective of their gender, b) shaking hands with everyone in the same manner, simple one hand, c) allowing the person closest to the door in the elevator to get off first, and d) recognizing people for their rank and not gender.